Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. By 2055, Asian immigrants are expected to overtake Hispanics as the largest immigrant group in the United States. There is some evidence to suggest that there are vintage effects: the longer a respondent has spent in the United States, the less emphasis they place on their Indian identityperhaps a reflection of their gradual integration into their adopted homeland. Of that segment that was educated abroad, 42 percent arrived in the United States with an undergraduate degree and another 38 percent had completed a graduate or professional degree before their arrival. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. It appears that respondents social networks are more homogenous in terms of religion than either region or caste. Online panels are not the same as traditional, probability-based surveys. All the analyses in this study employ sampling weights to ensure representativeness.15. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. Nearly half (45%) of the nations immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%). 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. Nineteen percent of them are not comfortable having close friends associated with the BJP. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. A few findings merit attention. A very small proportion, just 5 percent, state that they feel neither Indian nor American. The previous section demonstrated that, for many Indian Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most important characteristic of respondents social networks. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Community service is the most popular form of civic engagement for Indian Americans of all types. 35 While this might seem counterintuitive, this finding is explained by the fact that U.S.-born respondents are significantly more likely to identify as more American than Indian. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. At the other end of the spectrum, 24 percent of foreign-born respondents feel more Indian than American, a sentiment shared by just 11 percent of their U.S.-born counterparts. 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B here. Not surprisingly, of the non-U.S. citizen population, 88 percent of IAAS respondents claim Indian citizenship. On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years. Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. Seventy-seven percent of foreign-born Indian Americans fall into this category, compared to just 40 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans. This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 9, 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800. In about one-fifth of instances, both Indians and non-Indians were perceived to be jointly responsible. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. The Dallas Express is a non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. 3 Immigration Commission, U.S. Senate, Reports of the Immigration Commission 349 (1911) cited in Sherally Munshi, Immigration, Imperialism, and the Legacies of Indian Exclusion, Yale Journal of Law & Humanities 28, no. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. This emulates a standard set of survey questions that has long been asked by the Pew Research Center.23. To measure interreligious social distance, the survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends that are Hindu or Muslim. If half of all Indian Americans report some form discrimination, this begs the question: Who is discriminating against them? But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. Its rapidly growing size, economic success, and growing political visibility have given it greater salience in American life. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. 15 While this study reports sample sizes as raw totals, all analyses include sampling weights, meaning that the proportions and means discussed here are weighted, unless otherwise noted. In 2017, the Trump administration deported 295,000 immigrants, the lowest total since 2006. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. The major findings are briefly summarized below. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nations foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. The Government of India maintains an Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) designation for persons of Indian origin residing abroad who do not hold Indian citizenship. Immigrants often import social norms from their home countries to their newly adopted homes. Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. Forty-seven percent of Hindu respondents report identifying with a caste, which means the majority (53 percent) said that they do not personally identify with a caste group of any kind. As a final step, the survey asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: Overall, the Indian American community has a positive impact on U.S.-India relations. As of now, the community is quite bullish about the diasporas achievements in this regard. Immigrant Population by State and County This map displays the geographic distribution of immigrants in the United States by country of origin. And, finally, 5 percent of all respondents report having encountered discrimination due to their caste identity. Indian Americans who are born in the United States are more likely to identify as Indian American (48 to 40 percent) and markedly less likely to identify as Indian (just 11 percent compared to 33 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans). This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. First, as noted above, the data on caste identification is restricted to Hindu respondents. At Carnegie, we owe special thanks to Samuel Brase and Cooper Hewell for their editorial assistance. 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