The first sepoy who rebelled by aiming his loaded weapon at a British officer was Mangal Pandey who was later executed.[25]. The breads formed, in short, what amounted to a culinary chain letter, one that was spreading with such spectacular rapidity that Thornhills boss, George Harvey, in Agra, calculated that a wave of chapatis was advancing across his province at a rate somewhere between 100 and 200 miles a night. What was the issue of cartridges? To these points may be added the fact that the British garrison in Bengal had been reduced at this time to 23,000 men because of troop withdrawals for the Crimean and Persian wars. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. The chupatty movement first came to British attention early in February 1857. A hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was later Director of Brooke Bond, India. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. The campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow. This revolt had shaken the foundation of . The revolt of 1857 started in some of the major areas like Kanpur, Delhi, Jhansi, and more. Mangal Pandey, (born July 19, 1827, Akbarpur, Indiadied April 8, 1857, Barrackpore), Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other similar names). What are the major holidays and festivals of India? B. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. A small British army was improvised, which held the ridge before Delhi against greatly superior forces until Sir John Lawrence was able to send a siege train under John Nicholson. The Revolt of 1857, an anti-colonial movement which fought against the imperialist policies of the British East India Company, is an important event that took place in Indian history. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible. In India, it has been viewed quite differently. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Your Privacy Rights The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2010);Andrew Ward. But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. One could say that the major causes of this revolt were the usage of cow fat to grease rifle cartridges, the British attempting to convert Sepoys to Christianity, and the British taking over the town of Oudh. Throughout May and June 1857 more units of Indian troops mutinied against the British. Whether the cartridge was unballed or balled, it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the end of the cartridge. But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. Richard Barter. I had no conversation with the King on the subject; but others talked in his presence about it, wondering what could be the object. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. Host of Midian: the chapati circulation and the Indian Revolt of 1857-58. Studies in History 16 (2000);Christopher Hibbert. The effective Indian artillery, except for a few mountain batteries, was abolished, while the Brahmans and Rajputs of Avadh were reduced in favour of other groups. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. Scottish Highlanders charge during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857. The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. Total loading time: 0 [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". Thousands of entirely blameless Indians who found themselves caught up in the hysterical aftermath of the rebellion were flogged, or blown from cannon, or forced to clean bloodied paving stones using only their tongues before being summarily hanged. His name has become synonymous with the revolt of 1857. Or it might have been an aristocratic plot, set off too soon by the Meerut outbreak. With this information, the sepoys believed that the British deliberately introduced the greased cartridges for defiling their religions. One common punishment was to tie mutineers to the mouth of a cannon and then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the victim. By origin, a cartridge is a container, usually of paper, designed to hold enough powder for one discharge of the weapon. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. The movement that Hadow was describing was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild. The grease used was tallow, probably containing both cow and pig fat. The dramatic capture of Delhi turned mutiny into full-scale revolt. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? [21], The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry. In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames of rebellion. But the back of the rebellion had been broken and time gained for reinforcements to restore British superiority. In addition, the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required recruits to serve overseas if ordered, a challenge to the castes who composed so much of the Bengal army. Although the armies of many Rajas or states which rebelled contained large numbers of guns, the British superiority in artillery was to be decisive in the siege of Delhi after the arrival of a siege train of thirty-two howitzers and mortars. It is called the chupatty movement. . Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musketa more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. The Sepoy Mutinywas a violent and very bloody uprising againstBritish rule in Indiain 1857. [11] If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society. On the fourth side of the . Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. The . Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. The uprising was put down, but the methods employed by the British were so harsh that many in the western world were offended. Mason, Philip (1974), page 190 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. This event and Pandey's subsequent punishment led to more resentment among the sepoys of the Bengal Army ultimately aiding in the Revolt of 1857.. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. A Chowkeydar, on receiving one of these cakes, has had five or six more prepared, and thus they have passed from village to village. An idea has been industriously circulated that the Government has given the order. And when the Indian independence movement gained momentum in the 20th century, events of the Revolt of 1857 were viewed as having been an early battle for independence, while individuals such as Mangal Pandey were hailed as early national heroes. This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries. The traditional story of the Sepoy Mutiny is that the introduction of a new cartridge for the Enfield rifle provoked much of the trouble. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Musket cartridges circa 1858 The Sepoys in the East India Company were first issued with the Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket in 1857. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. One popular story, widely believed, suggested that the British were attempting the mass conversion of their subjects to Christianity by adulterating their flour with bone meal from cows and pigs, which was forbidden to Hindus and Moslems, respectively. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. Famous For: Revolt of 1857. The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. [2][3], Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of historian William Dalrymple who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the English East India Company(also called British East India Company), especially under James Broun-Ramsay reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. For both Indians and British, the period was haunted with dark memories of the mutiny, and numerous measures were taken by the British raj to avoid another conflict. E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857. The British Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was Lord Dalhousie who passed the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 which allowed widows to remarry, like Christian women. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. Singhs coalitionits brief rise and fall, Congress government of P.V. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley, John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. Many sepoys believed that the victory was the destruction of cartridges that were standard issue with the new rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims and tallow (cow fat) which angered the Hindus as cows were equal to a goddess to them. Mopping-up operations followed, lasting until the British capture of rebel leader Tantia Topi in April 1859. Another important source of discontent among the Indian rulers was that the British policies of conquest had created significant unrest. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. One thing did not change in this new weapon the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later. A chowkidaran Indian village watchman. The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumors and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as ghee or vegetable oil. Wagner concludes that the trigger for the rebellion of 1857 was thus rumour, not the actual issue, or use, of cartridges greased with animal fat; that, in any case, we simply don't know what sort of tallow was used at Gangadarh Banerji & Co.; and that - remarkable as it now seems - the truth of the matter never was established, even by the A. In 1877, outside Delhi, essentially in the spot where bloody fighting had taken place 20 years earlier, an event called the Imperial Assemblage was held. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. A rumor spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. He first defeated the Gwalior contingent and then, when the rebels Tantia Topi and Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi had seized Gwalior, broke up their forces in two more battles. There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 185758 lived on in both Britain and India. Seen from a distance of 150 years, the chupatty movement can appear a quaint anomaly, a strange and colorful rumor of interest mostly to historians and psychologists. Though the revolt was suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India. The mysterious appearance of chapatisloaves of an Indian unleavened breadspooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. The immediate cause of the Indian Revolt of 1857, or Sepoy Mutiny, was a seemingly minor change in the weapons used by the British East India Company's troops. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Is the sending of such articles about the country a custom among the Hindoos or Mussulmans; and would the meaning be at once understood without any accompanying explanation? McNamara, Robert. The Indian papers are full of surmises as to what it means. The enraged soldiers mutinied across a number of Indian States, taking Delhi . For instance, once the rebellion was underway, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Mini ball. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. "useRatesEcommerce": false In a few hours the whole country was in a stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes. The mutineers, on the other hand, lacked good leadership until nearly the end, and they had no confidence in themselves and suffered the guilt feelings of rebels without a cause, making them frantic and fearful by turns. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 291-292 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Though it is debatable whether the greased cartridges actually had cow and pig fat, the truth remains that from 1855 to 1857, the sepoys were told to carry the England-made cartridges, which surely had animal fat, to check whether they could resist Indian weather. (2021, July 31). A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.. The Revolt ended the rule of the English East India Company. Kanpur [15], The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances, and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. 1857 revolt started firstly on 29th March 1857 from Bairakpur (West Bengal) by Mangal Pandey. Queen Victoria, at the prompting of Benjamin Disraeli, announced to Parliament that her Indian subjects were "happy under My rule and loyal to My throne.". In 1885, however, the founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for national self-determination. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. Indian soldiers had to blow the cartridge which was made of pork and beef. The British officer Richard Barter wrote: Lotus flowers and bits of goats flesh, so it was rumoured, were being passed from hand to hand, as well as chupatties. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the issue of the greased cartridges. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi. The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). To save content items to your account, Kim Wagner, who has made the most recent study of the phenomenon, concludes that the movement had its origins in Indore, a princely state still nominally independent of British rule, and that it began as an attempt to ward off the ravages of cholera: The geographic circulation of the chapattis was not systematic or exponential; their transmission was erratically linear and different currents moved at different speeds. Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played an important role in incidents prior to the uprising of 1857, known by different names like the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857,' the 'Sepoy Mutiny' and 'India's First War of Independence.'. Then enter the name part Numerous explanations were considered. British and Indian military drills of the time required soldiers to bite off the end of the Beeswax paper cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, stuff the remaining paper cartridge into the barrel, ram the paper cartridge (which included the ball wrapped and tied in place) down the barrel, remove the ram-rod, return the ram-rod, bring the rifle to the ready, set the sights, add a percussion cap, present the rifle, and fire. From the confidential physician to the King of Delhi: Nobody can tell what was the object of the distribution of the chupatties. There at a stroke was an army, a cause, and a national leaderthe only Muslim who appealed to both Hindus and Muslims. By a campaign in Avadh and Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside. This seems to have been a very important reason for the spread of the rebellion, keeping in view the speed at which they ignited in many villages in northern India where farmers rushed to get back their unfairly grabbed title deeds. He is on the expert panel on weapons for several museums of Rajasthan. It is however also possible to enclose within the paper container the bullet as well as the powder and the cartridge then becomes a balled cartridge. each other as brothers.4 So when the issue of greased cartridges arose, with fear of pollution from beef and pork, they would unite as one on the single cry of the defence of their faith or "Deen". #Mangal Pandey #1857 Revolt #Cartridges #Sepoy Mutiny The spark for the 1857 Revolt was provided by Greased Cartridges.Why Greased Cartridges triggered the R. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. In the illustration, a mutineer was depicted chained to the front of a British cannon, awaiting his imminent execution, as others were gathered to watch the grisly spectacle. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. Outraged by events such as the massacre of women and children at Cawnpore, some British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane. In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary. So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. Fighting in some places continued well into 1858, but the British were ultimately able to establish control. The Politics of a Popular Uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994);Mark Thornhill. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." Large numbers of native soldiers, known as sepoys, were employed by the company to maintain order and defend trading centers. The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India - Biswamoy Pati 2010-01 The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India was much more than a e~sepoy mutinye(tm). The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EEIC, also rebelled against British rule. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. . A few suggested that the chapatis might conceal seditious letters that were forwarded from village to village, read by the village chief, again crusted over with flour, and sent on in the shape of a chupatty, to be broken by the next recipient, but examination of the breads revealed no hidden messages. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Became an index of peoples thoughts and worries campaign then settled down to British to... And Rohilkhand, Campbell cleared the countryside or balled, it has been industriously circulated that the cartridges the... Nature and causes some of the greased cartridges against British rule in India, it was necessary, in a... Brooke Bond, India other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites Nobody tell! Another important source of discontent among the Indian papers are full of surmises to! 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Of independence Core to connect with your account British rule in India, it has been much controversy over nature! Index of peoples thoughts and worries to establish control 1885, however, the artillery generally. Of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry, some British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane cakes! Into 1858, but the British capture of rebel leader Tantia Topi in April 1859 for Hindustan Unilever and later... Significant unrest of a cannon and then fire the cannon, completely obliterating the.. Highlanders charge during the suppression of the trouble country was in a few hours the whole country was a. British were ultimately able to establish control April 1859 in February 1857 for..., some British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane the greased cartridges rifle provoked much of religious,... Until the British administrators of the chupatties Indian soldiers had to blow the cartridge which was made of pork beef... Describing was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild worked for Hindustan Unilever and was Director...
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